NPry is Nail and Pry.
The word Pry is also someone's last
name. So NPry is also Nancy Pry, Nathan Pry
In engineering, woodworking and construction, a nail is a pin-shaped, sharp
object of hard metal, typically steel, used as a fastener. Nails for specialized
purposes may also be made of stainless steel, brass or aluminium.
Nails are typically driven into the workpiece by a hammer or by a nail gun
driven by compressed air or a small explosive charge. A nail holds materials
together by friction in the vertical direction and shear strength in lateral
directions. The point of the nail is also sometimes bent over or clinched to
prevent it from pulling out.
Nails are made in a great variety of forms for specialized purposes; the common
everyday kind of nail is sometimes called a "wire nail" to distinguish it from
nails in general. Some kinds of nails are referred to by other words, for
example "pins", "tacks," "brads" and "spikes."
Nails today are usually made of steel. Formerly they were usually of wrought
iron, but for some purposes nails are made of copper or (rather) brass.
History
Nails go back at least to the Ancient Roman period. The provision of iron for
nails by King David for Solomon's Temple is mentioned in the Bible. Until the
end of the 18th century, they were always made by hand, a nailer providing them
with a head and point. Until the early 17th century there were workmen called
slitters who cut up iron bars to a suitable size for nailers to work on, but in
1590 the slitting mill was introduced to England, providing a mechanical means
of producing rods of uniform cross-section. In the 19th century, after the
invention of machines to make "cut nails", some nails continued to be made by
hand, but the handmade nail industry gradually declined and was largely extinct
by the end of that century.
Manufactured cut nails were first introduced in America at the end of the 18th
century. Cut nails are machine-cut from flat sheets of steel (originally iron).
They are also called square nails because of their roughly rectangular cross
section. Though still used for historical renovations, and for heavy-duty
applications, such as attaching boards to masonry walls, cut nails are much less
common today than wire nails.
Different types of nails
Different types of nails
Types of nail include:
* brass tack
* bullethead nail
* carpet tack
* casing - similar to finish nails but on a larger scale
* clout
* coffin nail
* corrugated
* Dheadnails
* double-ended
* fiber cement
* finish
* horseshoe
* HurriQuake
* lost-head
* masonry - fluted nail for use in concrete
* oval brad
* floor brad (aka 'stigs') - flat, tapered and angular, for use in fixing floor
boards
* panel pin
* plastic strip
* gutter spikes
* roofing tack
* shake - small headed nails to use for nailing sidewall shakes
* square
* T
* Teco - 1-1/2 x .148 shanks nails used in metal connectors
* veneer pin
* wire
* wire-weld collated
Sizes
Most countries, except the United States, use a metric system for describing
nail sizes. A "50 x 3.0" indicates a nail 50 mm long (not including the head)
and 3 mm in diameter. Lengths are rounded to the nearest millimeter.
USA uses a similar system except nail lengths are given in inches.
United States penny sizes
Nails are usually sold by weight (either in bulk or in boxes). In the US, the
length of a nail is designated by its penny size. It is commonly believed that
the origin of the term "penny" in relation to nail size is based on the old
custom in England of selling nails by the hundred. A hundred nails that sold for
six pence were "six penny" nails. The larger the nail, the more a hundred nails
would cost. Thus the larger nails have a larger number for its penny size. This
classification system was still used in England in the 18th century, but is
obsolete there.
The penny size is written with a number and the abbreviation d for penny (e.g. -
10d). D is an abbreviation for denarius, a Roman coin similar to a penny; this
was the abbreviation for a penny in the UK before decimalisation. A smaller
number indicates a shorter nail and a larger number indicates a longer nail.
Nails under 1? in., often called brads, are sold mostly in small packages with
only a length designation (e.g. ?" (12 mm), 11?8" (28 mm), etc.). In boxes of
nails that are packaged for pneumatics nails are called 8 penny nails but have a
length of 2-3/8. Some 16d nails are called 16d short and measure 3-1/4". Penny
size is not always directly correlated to length because nails with larger
shanks and shorter lengths will be the same weight as the standard penny
designation.
penny size length
(inches) length
(nearest mm)
2d 1 25
3d 1? 32
4d 1? 38
6d 2 51
7d 2? 57
8d 2? 65
9d 2? 70
10d 3 76
12d 3? 83
16d 3? 89
20d 4 102
30d 4? 115
40d 5 127
50d 5? 140
60d 6 152
Terminology
* Box - a wire nail with a head; box nails have a smaller shank than common
nails of the same size
* Bright - no surface coating; not recommended for weather exposure or acidic or
treated lumber
* Casing - a wire nail with a slightly larger head than finish nails; often used
for flooring
* CC or Coated - "cement coated"; nail coated with adhesive (cement) for greater
holding power; also resin- or vinyl-coated; coating melts from friction when
driven to help lubricate then hardens when cool; color varies by manufacturer
(tan, pink, are common)
* Common - a common construction wire nail with a head: common nails have larger
shanks than box nails of the same size
* Duplex - a common nail with a second head, allowing for easy extraction
* Finish - a wire nail that does not have a "head"; can be easily concealed
* Galvanized - treated for resistance to corrosion and/or weather exposure
* Electrogalvanized - provides a smooth finish with some corrosion resistance
* Mechanically galvanized - deposits more zinc than electrogalvanizing for
increased corrosion resistance
* Hot-dip galvanized - provides a rough finish that deposits more zinc than
other methods, resulting in very high corrosion resistance that is suitable for
some acidic and treated lumber; often easier to bend than other types of nails
* Head - round flat metal piece affixed to the top of the nail; for increased
holding power
* Helix - the nail has a square shank that has been twisted this makes the nail
very difficult to pull out; often used in decking
* Length - distance from the head to the point of a nail
* Phosphate-coated - a dark grey to black finish providing a surface that binds
well with paint and joint compound and minimal corrosion resistance
* Point - sharpened end opposite the "head" for greater ease in driving
* Ring Shank - small rings on the shank to prevent the nail from being worked
back out often used in flooring
* Shank - the body the length of the nail between the head and the point; may be
smooth, or may have rings or spirals for greater holding power
* Sinker - Same thin diameter as a box nail, cement coated (see above), the
funnel shaped head is easier to nail flat and the head has a grid on the strike
surface to keep the hammer strike from slipping; these are the most common nails
used in framing today
* Spike - a large nail (usually over 4" - 100 mm)
A crowbar, pry bar, or prybar, more informally a jimmy, jimmy bar , jemmy
(British Isles) or gooseneck is a tool consisting of a metal bar with a single
curved end and flattened points, often with a small fissure on one or both ends
for removing nails. In the British Isles, "crowbar" may be used loosely for this
tool, but is more commonly used to mean a larger straight tool (see spud bar).
The term "jemmy" or "jimmy" most often refers to the tool when used for
burglary.
It is used as a lever to either force apart two objects or to remove nails.
Crowbars are commonly used to open nailed wooden boxes. Another common use for
larger crowbars is general demolition: for removing nails, prying apart boards,
and generally smashing things.
Crowbars can be used as any of the three lever classes but the curved end is
usually used as a first-class lever, and the flat end as a 2nd class lever.
Materials and construction
Normally made of medium carbon steel, they can be made from titanium also, which
has the advantage of being lighter, nonmagnetic, and spark-resistant.
The least expensive, most common crowbars are forged from hexagonal or sometimes
cylindrical stock. More advanced, expensive designs often are forged with an I
shaped cross sectional shaft similar to an I-beam. This shape makes them more
resistant to bending.
Etymology
The term crowbar is named after its resemblance to the feet or beaks of a crow,
with a history that traces to at least 1400. They were first called crow bars
and later the two joined into one word. They also were called crows; William
Shakespeare used the term crow in many places , including his play Romeo and
Juliet, Act 5, scene ii:
Get me an iron crow and bring it straight.
Unto my cell. ... [clarify]
There also exists a theory that the term crowbar derives from Jim Crow and that
they were used by blacks to perform menial tasks, giving it racist origins. The
truth is the term Jim Crow surfaced around 1830, at least 400 years after the
crowbar.
Popular culture
In some computer games a crowbar is the basic melee weapon wielded by the player
character; while the crowbar has been used as a weapon since 1991 in Road Rash,
current popular usage can be traced to 1998's Half-Life.
Examples include:
* Road Rash video game
* Call of Cthulhu: Dark Corners of the Earth
* Deus Ex
* Condemned: Criminal Origins
* Half-Life
* Half-Life 2 and sequels Episode 1 and Episode 2
* Mafia: The City of Lost Heaven
* Manhunt
* Siren
* Tomb Raider III
* Tomb Raider: The Last Revelation
* Tomb Raider Chronicles
* Tomb Raider Angel of Darkness
* Urban Dead
Many pieces of zombie-related fiction, such as Max Brooks' The Zombie Survival
Guide, make special note of the crowbar as perhaps the best all-around mêlée
weapon—not only does it make a useful tool, but it is light enough to be carried
and wielded quickly and is also heavy and durable enough to deal an effective
blow, with a pointed end capable of penetrating a skull. As zombies
traditionally cease function when the brain is destroyed, this is extremely
important in combat against them.
A crowbar was also the weapon of choice for mage Tannim in the The Serrated Edge
series by Mercedes Lackey.
The gooseneck crowbar was one of the most elegant designs ever, he'd always
thought. A single piece of simple formed iron, direct and unadorned, flat blade
at one end, strong hook at the other .... He'd found that it would fit
comfortably over a shoulder, and never be noticed under a loose jacket even when
you were shaking someone's hand.
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